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At Some Point in Life, We’ve All Been Part of a Crowd

At some point in life, we’ve all been part of a crowd—whether in a school classroom or on the streets during protests that escalated into violence. This blog delves into this very topic: crowds and how they function. In his book The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, Gustave Le Bon explores the concept of the "collective mind," describing how individuals within a group lose their identity and moral principles, often engaging in actions that starkly contradict their personal beliefs. But why? 


The Emergence of the Collective Mind 

Central to Le Bon’s theory is the idea that a crowd forms a "collective mind." This phenomenon occurs when individuals within a group lose their sense of self and become part of a larger organism. According to Le Bon, the collective mind is not merely the sum of individual minds but a unique entity that operates according to its own psychological laws. 


Loss of Individuality 

One of Le Bon’s assertions is that in a crowd, people lose their individuality. Their personal responsibility, moral inhibitions, and intellectual capacities weaken, leaving their actions guided by the collective mind. This transformation is facilitated by the size of the crowd, which provides anonymity and diminishes personal accountability. 

Le Bon compared this transformation to hypnosis. Just as a hypnotized individual follows the will of the hypnotist, individuals in a crowd follow the impulses of the collective. Their actions are no longer driven by personal thought but by the group’s instincts. 

 

The Submersion of Rationality 

Within a crowd, rational thought is supplanted by emotion. Le Bon observed that the collective mind does not critically analyze or debate; it acts instinctively and passionately. The loss of rationality enables behaviors in crowds that individuals would usually reject as being against their nature. 

Le Bon noted that crowds are drawn to extremes. They are capable of both extraordinary generosity and heroism as well as violence and cruelty. The emotional volatility of crowds means they can rapidly swing between these extremes, depending on circumstances and influences.

 

Behavioral Homogeneity 

When the collective mind prevails, the diversity of individual thoughts and actions is replaced by uniformity. Members of the crowd act as though they share a single mind, often exhibiting remarkable behavioral uniformity. For Le Bon, this homogeneity was a defining feature of crowds and the source of their immense power.

 

Mechanisms of Crowd Behavior 

To explain the processes driving crowd behavior, Le Bon identified three key mechanisms: anonymity, contagion, and suggestion. Together, these elements create the psychological conditions under which a collective mind can emerge. 

  • Anonymity: Anonymity, according to Le Bon, is fundamental to crowd psychology. When individuals become anonymous, their sense of personal responsibility diminishes. This depersonalization frees them from social norms and moral constraints, enabling behaviors they would not exhibit individually. 


  • Contagion: Contagion describes the rapid spread of emotions, ideas, and behaviors through the crowd. Le Bon likened it to psychological infection, where the actions of one person influence those around them, creating a chain reaction. 

  • Suggestion: Suggestion occurs when leaders or speakers implant ideas or emotions into the crowd. In its emotionally heightened state, the crowd is highly susceptible to suggestion, accepting ideas uncritically. 

 

Simplification of Ideas 

One of Le Bon’s most significant findings was that crowds are attracted to simple, emotionally charged ideas. The collective mind does not engage in nuance or debate; it seeks clarity and directness. 

  • Reduction to Basics: Complex ideas are invariably reduced to their most basic elements. Abstract concepts are replaced by vivid imagery, slogans, or symbols that evoke strong emotional reactions. This simplification makes ideas accessible to all members of the group, regardless of their intellectual capacity. 

 

Leaders of Crowds: Architects of Collective Action 

Le Bon argued that crowds require leaders to channel their energy and shape their behavior. Crowd leaders are not ordinary individuals—they possess charisma, a simplicity of thought, and an intense passion that resonates with the crowd’s emotional core. 





  • Methods of Leadership: 

    • Emotional resonance: Appealing to the desires, fears, and ambitions of the crowd through dramatic rhetoric and powerful imagery. 

    • Repetition: Reiterating ideas persistently until they are internalized as "truths." 

    • Use of symbols and rituals: Strengthening group identity and loyalty. 




According to Le Bon, leaders are not merely guides but reflections of the crowd’s emotions. Their ability to influence is akin to that of a hypnotist, shaping the subconscious impulses of individuals. 

 

The Myth of Poli 

In my elementary school class, there was a prevailing belief that the Poli sausage was made from roadkill. It sounds absurd, but let me tell you the story of how this came about. 

One day—though I can’t recall the exact date—a classmate introduced the idea that Poli sausage was made from roadkill. The claim was simple yet shocking. Initially, we laughed it off, recognizing it as a fabrication. Nonetheless, the myth began to spread, repeated over and over again. Gradually, it started to influence our perception. 

The Turning Point: The Smell That Changed Everything 

A pivotal moment occurred during a sports day. One of my classmates pulled a sandwich with Poli sausage from their bag after hours in the heat. The sandwich emitted an unpleasant odor, which worsened the situation. At that moment, the myth solidified. Poli was no longer just “allegedly” made of roadkill; it was now associated with disgust. This sensory experience acted as a trigger, cementing the myth into a collective belief. 

 

The Establishment of a New Norm 

Over time, a new social norm emerged in our class: Poli sausage became synonymous with something repulsive. Anyone daring to voice a different opinion or admit they still ate Poli quickly became a target of ridicule. 

Interestingly— and this is something I look back on with fascination—most of us still ate Poli at home. We thought it was quite tasty, but no one dared admit it in class. We all conformed to the pressure of the majority. 

 

Psychological Pressure and Conformity 

Looking back, I now understand this as a pure example of group pressure and conformity. In our classroom, we became part of a collective mind, as described by Gustave Le Bon. No one wanted to risk being ostracized, so we joined in mocking others rather than voicing our true opinions. 


  • Fear of exclusion: Despite knowing the myth lacked truth, we accepted it as indisputable. Anyone expressing a contrary opinion risked being labeled "different" and becoming a target of ridicule. 

  • Conformity: Rather than challenging the prevailing belief, we adapted to it, ensuring we remained part of the group, even if it meant denying our personal experiences and beliefs. 

 

Spreading the Idea and the Role of Individuals 

Even more intriguing was how we unknowingly became active carriers of the myth. Every time we mocked someone who admitted liking Poli, we reinforced the belief. Each joke or ridicule about the smelly sandwich strengthened the association between Poli and disgust. 


Unwittingly, we became part of what Gustave Le Bon describes as the contagion of ideas—an idea spreading from person to person, with each action, word, and mockery fueling its further entrenchment. 

 

The story may sound unbelievable, but it happened. Some might argue that such absurd ideas succeed because children lack the confidence to stand up for themselves. While this is partially true, the differences in adults are not as significant. 


In a crowd, individuals lose their identity and moral principles, succumbing to the norms and opinions of the collective. As a result, they engage in actions that contradict their personal beliefs. Consider, for example, the anti-government protests during the COVID-19 pandemic when some individuals threw cobblestones at police and parliament. If you isolated one of these individuals from the crowd, would they act the same way? Likely not. 


If you disagree, consider how Hitler managed to orchestrate the deaths of over 17 million people or how Stalin and Mao convinced their nations to carry out massacres that claimed the lives of millions simply because they were landowners. How could Pol Pot oversee a genocide that wiped out 25% of Cambodia’s population?


These dictators convinced crowds to commit horrific acts. On an individual level, many likely opposed these actions, but within a crowd, their personal protests lost relevance. 

 

 

 

 

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© 2023 by Oskar Volcansek

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